MIANSERIN

MIANSERIN

Mianserin (brand names: Depnon (IN), Lantanon (ZA), Lerivon (AR, BE, CZ, PL, RU, SK), Lumin (AU), Norval (UK), Tolvon (AU, HK^†, IE^†,NZ, SG^†), Tolmin (DK); where † indicates discontinued products) is a psychoactive drug of the tetracyclic antidepressant (TeCA) therapeutic family. It is classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) and has antidepressant,anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), hypnotic (sedating), antiemetic (nausea and vomiting-attenuating), orexigenic (appetite-stimulating), andantihistamine effects.

It is not approved for use in the US, but its analogue, mirtazapine, is. Mianserin was the first antidepressant to reach the UK market that was less dangerous than the tricyclic antidepressants in overdose.^[3]

Medical uses

When used for the treatment of depression, its efficacy appears comparable to that of amitriptyline, citalopram, clomipramine,dothiepin, doxepin, fluoxetine, flupenthixol, fluvoxamine, imipramine, moclobemide, nortriptyline, paroxetine, and trazodone.^[1][4]Mianserin received TGA approval in May 1996.^[5]

Similarly to its analogue, mirtazapine, mianserin has been tried as an augmentation strategy in treatment-resistant depression with some success.^[6] Mianserin has been tried, similarly to mirtazapine, as an adjunct in schizophrenia and has been found to reduce negative and cognitive symptoms.^[7][8][9]

Mianserin has demonstrated efficacy as a monotherapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease psychosis in an open-label clinical trial.^[10]

 

Interactions

CYP2D6 inhibitors such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), quinidine, ritonavir, etc. would likely raise plasma levels of mianserin and hence could lead to mianserin toxicity. Conversely, CYP2D6 inducers would likely lead to reduced mianserin plasma concentrations and hence potentially diminish the therapeutic effects of mianserin.^[1]

Withdrawal

Abrupt or rapid discontinuation of mianserin may provoke a withdrawal, the effects of which may include depression, anxiety, panic attacks,^[14] decreased appetite or anorexia,insomnia, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and flu-like symptoms, such as allergies or pruritus, among others.

 

Pharmacology

Mianserin is an antagonist/inverse agonist of the H₁, 5-HT_1D, 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT_2C, 5-HT₃, 5-HT₆, 5-HT₇, α₁-adrenergic, and α₂-adrenergic receptors, and also inhibits thereuptake of norepinephrine.^[16][17] As a high affinity H₁ receptor inverse agonist, mianserin has strong antihistamine effects (sedation, weight gain, etc.). Contrarily, it has negligible affinity for the mACh receptors, and thus lacks anticholinergic properties. It was recently found to be a weak (K_i = 1.7 μM, EC₅₀ = 0.53 μM) κ-opioid receptor partial agonist.^[18]

In addition, mianserin also appears to be a potent antagonist of the neuronal octopamine receptor.^[19] What implications this may have on mood are currently unknown, however octopamine has been implicated in the regulation of sleep, appetite and insulin production and therefore may theoretically contribute to the overall side effect profile of mianserin.^[20][21]

Blockade of the H₁ and α1-adrenergic receptors has sedative effects,^[2] and also antagonism of the 5-HT_2A and α₁-adrenergic receptors inhibits activation of intracellularphospholipase C (PLC), which seems to be a common target for several different classes of antidepressants.^[22] By antagonizing the somatodendritic and presynaptic α₂-adrenergic receptors which function predominantly as inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, mianserin disinhibits the release of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, andacetylcholine in various areas of the brain and body.

Enantioselectivity

 

(S)-mianserin

(S)-(+)-Mianserin is approximately 200–300 times more active than its enantiomer (R)-(−)-mianserin.

 

 

http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/single/articleFullText.htm?publicId=1860-5397-11-164

(14bS)-(+)-1,2,3,4,10,14b-Hexahydro-2-methyldibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine (1)

(S)-(+)-1 in the form of solidifying oil; during purification step a small degree of product decomposition was observed; []D 23 = +469.2 (c 1, CHCl3); []D 23 = +436.5 (c 1, EtOH) {[9] []D 23 = +450 (c 0.26, EtOH)}; []D 23 = +428.0 (c 0.5, MeOH) {[5] []D 25 = +469.0 (c 1, MeOH)}.

Enantiomeric purity was determined by HPLC analysis (Chiracel OD-H, hexane:2- propanol = 80:20, 1ml/min, S isomer 5.6min).

IR (CCl4): 3064, 3022, 2939, 2794, 1492, 1446, 1251, 1132 cm–1 ;

1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ 2.37-2.42 (m, 4 H), 2.46 (t, J = 10.5 Hz, 1 H), 2.92 (dt, J1 = 2.0 Hz, J2 = 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.02 (dd, J1 = 1.5 Hz, J2 = 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.25-3.28 (m, 1 H), 3.30 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1 H, methylene bridge), 3.42 (td, J1 = 3.0 Hz, J2 = 11.0 Hz, 1 H), 4.14 (dd, J1 = 2.0 Hz, J2 = 10.0 Hz, 1 H,methine), 4.81 (d, J = 13.0 Hz, 1 H, methylene bridge), 6.87 (td, J1 = 1.0 Hz, J2 = 7.5 Hz, 1 H, Ar), 7.00-7.02 (m, 2 H, Ar), 7.05-7.13 (m, 4 H, Ar), 7.16 (td, J1 = 1.5 Hz, J2 = 7.5 Hz, 1 H, Ar);

13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ 38.8, 45.6, 51.0, 55.4, 64.6, 66.2, 119.0, 122.3, 126.5, 126.6, 127.0, 127.3, 128.1, 129.5, 137.1, 139.3, 139.8, 148.4.

HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C18H21N2 [M+H]+ : 265.1705; found: 265.1712.

(±)-1,2,3,4,10,14b-Hexahydro-2-methyldibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine (1)

The racemate was prepared in the same manner as pure enantiomer; mp = 109.5- 110.5 °C ([10] mp = 111–113 °C). The HPLC analysis (Chiracel OD-H, hexane/2- propanol = 80:20, 1mL/min, R isomer 5.0 min and S isomer 5.6 min)

SYN 1

The title compound has been synthesized by several procedures. Acylation of 2-benzylaniline (I) by chloroacetyl chloride (II) gave chloroacetamide (III). Subsequent cyclization of amide (III) under Vilsmeier conditions furnished the dibenzoazepine (IV). Nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom of (IV) by methylamine led to amine (V). The imine function of (V) was reduced with either LiAlH4 or NaBH4 to the diamine (VI), which was further converted into the fused diketopiperazine (VII) upon heating with diethyl oxalate. The amide groups of (VII) were then reduced by means of borane in THF, yielding the target tetracyclic diamine, which was finally isolated as the corresponding hydrochloride salt......US 3534041

SYN 2

In a further procedure, styrene oxide (XV) was condensed with 2-(benzylamino)ethanol (XXVIII) to give amino diol (XXIX). After chlorination of (XXIX) using SOCl2 and DMAP, dichloro derivative (XXX) was condensed with 2-aminobenzyl alcohol (X) yielding piperazine (XXXI). Cyclization of (XXXI) in hot sulfuric acid afforded the tetracyclic compound (XXXII). The N-benzyl group of (XXXII) was then removed by treatment with butyl chloroformate producing carbamate (XXXIII), which was further hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to (XXXIV) under basic conditions. Finally, methylation of the secondary amine (XXXIV) was performed by reductive alkylation with formaldehyde either in the presence of formic acid under Leuckart-Wallach conditions or by catalytic hydrogenation

DE 4305659; EP 0612745

SYN 3

In a different method, reaction of styrene oxide (XV) with methylamine provided amino alcohol (XVI), which was further condensed with ethylene oxide (XVII) to afford amino diol (XVIII). Alternatively, diol (XVIII) was prepared by a more direct procedure by condensation of epoxide (XV) with 2-(methylamino)ethanol (XIX). Chlorination of (XVIII) employing SOCl2 yielded the dichloro derivative (XX), which was subsequently condensed with 2-aminobenzyl alcohol (X) leading to piperazine (XXI). Cyclization of (XXI) to the title compound was accomplished by treatment with hot polyphosphoric acid. Optionally, alcohol (XXI) was converted to chloride (XXII), which was then cyclized in the presence of AlCl3. In a related method, alcohol (XXI) was esterified with AcOH, and the resultant acetate ester (XXIII) was then cyclized in the presence of polyphosphoric acid......US 4217452

The key intermediate (XXI) was also prepared by several related procedures. Chlorination of aminoalcohol (XVI) gave chloro amine (XXIV), which was condensed with 2-aminobenzyl alcohol (X) to afford diamine (XXV). Then, alkylation of diamine (XXV) with dibromoethane (XIII) in hot pyridine gave rise to the target piperazine (XXI). Alternatively, diamine (XXV) was condensed with ethyl chloroacetate or with diethyl oxalate to produce the mono- or dioxopiperazines (XXVII) and (XXVI), respectively, which were then reduced to (XXI) by means of LiAlH4. Cyclization of alcohol (XXI) to the title compound was achieved by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid

SYN5

FR 2647114

Treatment of alpha-chlorophenylacetyl chloride (VIII) with methylamine provided the corresponding chloro amide (IX), which was subsequently condensed with 2-aminobenzyl alcohol (X) to afford amino alcohol (XI). Cyclization of (XI) in the presence of AlCl3 led to the dibenzoazepine (XII). This was converted to the tetracyclic compound (XIV) by reaction with dibromoethane (XIII) in the presence of Na2CO3. Reduction of the amide carbonyl group of (XIV) by means of LiAlH4 furnished the title compound. In a related strategy, amide (XII) was initially reduced to diamine (VI) by using LiAlH4. Subsequent condensation of (VI) with dibromoethane (XIII) led to the target tetracyclic derivative

OTHER..........

References

1. Truven Health Analytics, Inc. DRUGDEX® System (Internet) [cited 2013 Sep 29]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomsen Healthcare; 2013.
2.  Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Limited. "Tolvon Product Information"(PDF). GuildLink Pty Ltd.
3.  Walker, R; Whittlesea, C, ed. (2007) [1994]. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-4293-5.
4.  Wakeling A (April 1983). "Efficacy and side effects of mianserin, a tetracyclic antidepressant". Postgrad Med J 59 (690): 229–31. doi:10.1136/pgmj.59.690.229.PMC 2417496. PMID 6346303.
5.  AlphaPharm. "Lumin Mianserin hydrochloride product information" (PDF). GuildLink Pty Ltd.
6. Ferreri M, Lavergne F, Berlin I, Payan C, Puech AJ (January 2001). "Benefits from mianserin augmentation of fluoxetine in patients with major depression non-responders to fluoxetine alone". Acta Psychiatr Scand 103 (1): 66–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2001.00148.x. PMID 11202131.
7.  Poyurovsky, M; Koren, D; Gonopolsky, I; Schneidman, M; Fuchs, C; Weizman, A; Weizman, R (March 2003). "Effect of the 5-HT2 antagonist mianserin on cognitive dysfunction in chronic schizophrenia patients: an add-on, double-blind placebo-controlled study". European Neuropsychopharmacology 13 (2): 123–128. doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(02)00155-4. PMID 12650957.
8.  Shiloh, R; Zemishlany, Z; Aizenberg, D; Valevski, A; Bodinger, L; Munitz, H; Weizman, A (March 2002). "Mianserin or placebo as adjuncts to typical antipsychotics in resistant schizophrenia". International Clinical Psychopharmacology 17 (2): 59–64.doi:10.1097/00004850-200203000-00003. PMID 11890187.
9.  Mizuki, Y; Kajimura, N; Imai, T; Suetsugi, M; Kai, S; Kaneyuki, H; Yamada, M (April 1990). "Effects of mianserin on negative symptoms in schizophrenia". International Clinical Psychopharmacology 5 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1097/00004850-199004000-00002.PMID 1696292.
10.  Ikeguchi, K; Kuroda, A (1995). "Mianserin treatment of patients with psychosis induced by antiparkinsonian drugs". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 244(6): 320–324. doi:10.1007/BF02190411. PMID 7772616.
11.  "Australian Medicines Handbook". Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. 2013.
12.  British National Formulary (BNF) (65th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 1120.ISBN 978-0857110848.
13.  Mianserin Hydrochloride. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain). 5 December 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
14.  Kuniyoshi M, Arikawa K, Miura C, Inanaga K (June 1989). "Panic anxiety after abrupt discontinuation of mianserin". Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 43 (2): 155–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1989.tb02564.x. PMID 2796025.
15.  Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S, Taylor D. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 11th ed. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
16.  Leonard B, Richelson H (2000). "Synaptic Effects of Antidepressants: Relationship to Their Therapeutic and Adverse Effects". In Buckley JL, Waddington PF. Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders: The New Drug Therapies in Clinical Practice. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 67–84. ISBN 978-0-7506-4096-1.
17.  Müller G (8 May 2006). "Target Family-directed Masterkeys in Chemogenomics". In Kubinyi H, Müller G, Mannhold R, Folkers G. Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-527-60402-9. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
18.  Olianas MC, Dedoni S, Onali P (November 2012). "The atypical antidepressant mianserin exhibits agonist activity at κ-opioid receptors". Br. J. Pharmacol. 167 (6): 1329–41.doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02078.x. PMID 22708686.
19.  Roeder T (November 1990). "High-affinity antagonists of the locust neuronal octopamine receptor". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191 (2): 221–4. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)94151-M.PMID 2086239.
20.  Crocker A, Sehgal A (September 2008). "Octopamine regulates sleep in drosophila through protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms". J. Neurosci. 28 (38): 9377–85.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3072-08a.2008. PMC 2742176. PMID 18799671.
21.  Bour S, Visentin V, Prévot D, Carpéné C (September 2003). "Moderate weight-lowering effect of octopamine treatment in obese Zucker rats". J. Physiol. Biochem. 59 (3): 175–82.doi:10.1007/BF03179913. PMID 15000448.
22.  Dwivedi Y, Agrawal AK, Rizavi HS, Pandey GN (December 2002). "Antidepressants reduce phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity and the mRNA and protein expression of selective PLC beta 1 isozyme in rat brain". Neuropharmacology 43(8): 1269–79. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00253-8. PMID 12527476.
23.  Roth, BL; Driscol, J (12 January 2011). "PDSP K_i Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

Further reading

• Peet M, Behagel H (1978). "Mianserin: a decade of scientific development". Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5 Suppl 1: 5S–9S. PMC 1429213. PMID 623702.

External links

• Treatments for Depression – Mianserin

Mianserin

Systematic (IUPAC) name
(±)-2-methyl-1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine
Clinical data
Trade names	Bolvidon (discontinued), Tolvon
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Pregnancy category	AU: B2
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) UK: POM (Prescription only)
Routes of administration	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	20–30%[1]
Protein binding	95%[1]
Metabolism	Hepatic (mediated byCYP2D6; most metabolism occurs via aromatic hydroxylation, N-oxidation and N-demethylation)[1]
Biological half-life	21–61 hours[2]
Excretion	Renal (4–7%) Faecal (14–28%)[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number	24219-97-4
ATC code	N06AX03
PubChem	CID 4184
IUPHAR/BPS	135
DrugBank	DB06148
ChemSpider	4040
UNII	250PJI13LM
KEGG	D08216
ChEBI	CHEBI:51137
ChEMBL	CHEMBL6437
Chemical data
Formula	C18H20N2
Molar mass	264.365

///////////MIANSERIN

c42c(N3C(c1ccccc1C2)CN(C)CC3)cccc4

ILAPRAZOLE, IY-81149

Ilaprazole

cas 172152-36-2;

Iy 81149; IY-81149; 2-{[(4-methoxy-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-6-(1h-pyrrol-1-yl)-1h-benzimidazole; Aldenon;

MW 366.437, MF C19 H18 N4 O2 S

2-[(4-methoxy-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)methylsulfinyl]-6-pyrrol-1-yl-1H-benzimidazole

Ilaprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease and duodenal ulcer.

Ilaprazole is chemically known as 2-[[(4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-6-(lH-pyrrol-l-yl)-lH-benzimidazole

Il-Yang  Il Yang Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd........... Innovator

launched in 2008 by Livzon in China

Ilaprazole (trade name Noltec) is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease (PUD),gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD/GERD) and duodenal ulcer. It is available in strengths of 5, 10, and 20 mg.

Clinical studies show that ilaprazole is at least as potent a PPI as omeprazole when taken in equivalent doses. Studies also showed that ilaprazole significantly prevented the development of reflux oesophagitis.

Ilaprazole is developed by Il-Yang Pharmaceutical (Korea), and is still under clinical trials with US FDA. It has launched in Korea and China for the treatment of gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease and erosive esophagitis.^[1]

Ilaprazole is a substituted benzimidazole proton pump inhibitor first launched in 2008 by Livzon in China for the oral treatment of peptic ulcers. The compound was also being evaluated in early clinical trials at Il-Yang for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but no recent development has been reported. In 2009, development of the compound was discontinued by Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America for the treatment of esophagitis due to a phase II study which did not meet its predefined endpoint.

The drug has been shown to significantly inhibit acute gastric erosion induced by indomethacin, ethanol or stress, acute mepirizole induced duodenal ulcers, and to accelerate the healing of acetic acid induced chronic ulcers through a H+/K+-ATPase inhibition mechanism.

In September 2005, TAP (a joint venture established between Abbott and Takeda which was dissolved in 2008) and Il-Yang signed a license agreement, granting the latter development and distribution rights to the drug candidate worldwide outside of Korea and China.

Il-Yang Pharm. Co., Ltd., Korea has developed a Novel PPI, i.e. racemic 5-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)- 2[[(3-methyl-4-methoxy-2-Pyridyl)-methyl]sulfinyl]-benzimidaziole[1,2], which shows superior anti-ulcer effects as compared to Omeprazole in the treatment of GORD(gastro-oesophageal reflux diseases), gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer (KR 179,401 and US 5,703,097). Gastric and duodenal ulcers are a gastrointestinal disease caused by various factors such as mental stress, dietary habit, intake of irritable food, and the like. The direct cause of peptic ulcers is damage to the gastric membrane due to excessive secretion of gastric acid.

Since their introduction in the late 1980s, proton pump inhibitors have improved the treatment of various acid-related gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (ZES), ulcers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastropathy. GERD encompasses three disease categories: non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), erosive esophagitis, and Barrett's esophagus. ZES is caused by a gastrin-secreting tumor of the pancreas that stimulates the acid-secreting cells of the stomach to maximal activity. Proton pump inhibitors have also be used to treat ulcers such as duodenal, gastric, and NSAID-associated gastric/duodenal ulcers.

As antisecretory drugs, proton pump inhibitors are currently the recommended first line therapy, being viewed as more effective than other treatments. In general, proton pump inhibitors offer superior gastric acid suppression over histamine H2-receptor blockers. The use of proton pump inhibitors by patients who suffer from gastric acid-related disorders is generally believed to have led to an increase in their quality of life, productivity, and overall well being.

Proton pump inhibitors are also used to treat extra-esophageal manifestations of GERD (asthma, hoarseness, chronic cough, non-cardiac chest pain), and with antibiotics for Helicobacter pylori eradication. The goals of GERD management are threefold: prompt and sustained symptom control, healing of the injured esophageal mucosa and prevention of GERD-related complications (including stricture Formation, Barrett's esophagus, and/or adenocarcinoma). Pharmacological therapy with proton pump inhibitors Forms the basis of both acute and long-term management of GERD. Proton pump inhibitors provide effective relief of symptoms and healing of the esophagitis, as well as sustaining long-term remission.

Although therapeutic efficacy is the primary concern for a therapeutic agent, the solid-state form, as well as the salt form, and the properties unique to the particular form of a drug candidate are often equally important to its development. Each solid state form (crystalline or amorphous) of a drug candidate can have different physical and chemical properties, for example, solubility, stability, or the ability to be reproduced. These properties can impact the ultimate pharmaceutical dosage form, the optimization of manufacturing processes, and absorption in the body. Moreover, finding the most adequate form for further drug development can reduce the term and the cost of that development.

Ilaprazole, 2[[(4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)-methyl]sulfinyl]-5-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) 1H-Benzimidazole, is a substituted benzimidazole that acts as a proton pump inhibitor. Ilaprazole selectively and irreversibly inhibits gastric acid secretion through inhibition of the hydrogen-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+K+-ATPase) (proton pump) mechanism. Inhibition of the proton pump occurs by formation of disulfide covalent bonds with accessible cysteines on the enzyme. Ilaprazole has a prolonged duration of action that persists after their elimination from plasma. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,097 and 6,280,773, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Ilaprazole has the empirical formula C₁₉H₁₈N₄O₂S having a molecular weight of 366.44 daltons. Ilaprazole is a chiral molecule and has the following structural Formula (I):

Ilaprazole, like all proton pump inhibitors, possesses the unique feature of a chiral sulfur atom, S*. This can be depicted as follows with the lone pair of electrons on the chiral sulfur atom occupying one position in each stereoisomer, as shown below:

The absolute structure and absolute confirmation of (−)-S-ilaprazole was made through single crystal structure determination and is shown below. See Example 7 of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 11/966,808 of Brackett et al. entitled, “Solid State Forms of Enantiopure Ilaprazole” filed Dec. 28, 2007, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Thus, its complimentary enantiomer is (+)-R-ilaprazole, as shown below.

 

SYN 1

EP 0696281; JP 1997503000; US 5703097; WO 9523140

The condensation of 2-(chloromethyl)-4-methoxy-3-methylpyridine (I) with 5-(1-pyrrolidinyl)benzimidazole-2-thiol (II) by means of NaOH in hot methanol gives 2-(4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-pyridylmethylsulfanyl)-5-(1-pyrrolidinyl)benzimidazole (III), which is finally oxidized with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) in chloroform.

SYN 2

J Med Chem 1992,35(6),1049

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jm00084a010

3-Methoxy-2-methylpyridine (VII), prepared by methylation of 2-methyl-3-pyridinol (VI), was converted to the N-oxide (VIII) employing peracetic acid. Nitration of the pyridine N-oxide (VIII) with concentrated nitric acid gave the 4-nitro derivative (IX). Subsequent displacement of the nitro group of (IX) by sodium methoxide led to the dimethoxypyridine N-oxide (X). Rearrangement of the N-oxide group of (X) in hot acetic anhydride produced the acetoxymethyl pyridine (XI). After basic hydrolysis of the acetate ester (XI), the resultant hydroxymethyl pyridine (XII) was chlorinated by SOCl2, yielding chloride (XIII). Condensation between mercapto benzimidazole (V) and the chloromethyl pyridine (XIII) in ethanolic NaOH led to the sulfide adduct (XIV). This was finally oxidized to the desired sulfoxide by using meta-chloroperbenzoic acid in CH2Cl2. The oxidation of sulfide (XIV) has also been performed employing sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate in the presence of ammonium molybdate, or tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of vanadyl acetylacetonate.

The synthesis of IY-81149 can be obtained according to Scheme 22875502a. The oxidation of 2,3-lutidine (I) with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid affords 2,3-dimethylpyridine-N-oxide (II), which is treated with sulfuric acid and nitric acid to give the corresponding nitro compound (III). The treatment of (III) with NaOH in methanol gives 2,3-dimethyl-4-methoxypyridine-N-oxide (IV), which is reacted with acetic acid and acetic anhydride and oxidized in refluxing NaOH, yielding 3-methyl-4-methoxypyridine-2-methanol (V). The chlorination of (V) with thionylchloride in CH2Cl2 affords 3-methyl-4-methoxy-2-chloromethylpyridine (VI). The reaction of 2-mercapto-5-nitrobenzimidazole (VII) with iron and concentrated HCl in refluxing ethanol and water gives monoamine (VIII), which by condensation with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran (IX) in acetic acid yields 2-mercapto-5-(1-pyrrolyl)benzimidazole (X). The condensation of (VI) with (X) by means of NaOH in methanol gives 2-[(4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)methylsulfanyl]-5-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazole (XI), which is finally treated with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) in chloroform.

PATENT

http://www.google.com/patents/WO2013114232A1?cl=en

Ilaprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease and duodenal ulcer.

Ilaprazole is chemically known as 2-[[(4-methoxy-3-methyl-2-pyridinyl)methyl]sulfinyl]-6-(lH-pyrrol-l-yl)-lH-benzimidazole havin following structure

There are very few patent documents related to crystallization of ilaprazole.

The example 2 of Indian Patent No. 183088 describes crystallization of ilaprazole from mixture of ethyl acetate and ether.

Indian patent application No. 3607/DELNP/2009 discloses various crystalline forms: A, B, E, F, I of ilaprazole and process for their preparation. The crystalline form B of ilaprazole is obtained by crystallization from acetone/triethylamine in a refrigerator for 11 days. The form B is characterized by peaks at 12.6 and 18.1 degree 2Θ in X-ray powder differactogram.

Another Indian patent application No. 3634/DELNP/2009 discloses various solvates of ilaprazole, these are crystalline form C (1,4-dioxane hemisolvate), D (tetrahydrofuran hemisolvate), G (methanol solvate), K (hydrate) of ilaprzole and process for their preparation.

International Patent Publication No. WO 2011/071314 discloses process for the preparation of Form A and Form B. The process for the preparation of Form A involves conversion of ilaprazole to its inorganic salt followed by neutralization with suitable acid in a solvent. The process for preparation of Form B requires use of multiple solvents for the crystallization.

The earlier processes crystallization of ilaprazole has following disadvantages:

i) process is laborious due to concentration of solvent carried out several times;

ii) difficult to obtain the pharmaceutically acceptable purity; and

iii) time consuming.

The physical or chemical properties of a drug can vary depending on the crystalline form of the drug, and such physical and chemical properties can greatly influence a suitable dosage form of the drug, the optimization of a process for preparing the drug, and the in vivo absorption of the drug. The discovery of the most appropriate crystalline form of a drug in a procedure for developing the drug enables the development time and cost to be reduced.

Patent

http://www.google.co.in/patents/US8592599

FIG. 22 is the proton NMR spectrum of racemic ilaprazole, Form F.

FIG. 23 is the solid state ¹³C CP/MAS ssNMR spectrum of racemic ilaprazole, Form F.

FIG. 24 is the IR spectrum of racemic ilaprazole, Form F.

FIG. 25 is the RAMAN spectrum of racemic ilaprazole, Form F.

References

1.  "Ilaprazole for the Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer in Chinese Patients (Phase 3)".

PatentSubmittedGranted

Solid dosage form comprising proton pump inhibitor and suspension made thereof [US2006134210]2006-06-22

Optimally stabilized microgranule comprising 5-pyrrolyl-2-pyridylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole derivative [US6280773]2001-08-28

Method and system for dosing a pharmaceutical sample in a packaging machine [US7536843]2007-07-262009-05-26

Parenteral Formulation Comprising Proton Pump Inhibitor Sterilized in its Final Container by Ionizing Radiation [US2009111856]2009-04-30

SOLID STATE FORMS OF ENANTIOPURE ILAPRAZOLE [US2008200515]2008-08-21

Injection [US2009036406]2009-02-05

Pharmaceutical compositions of ilaparazole [US2008050444]2008-02-28

Substituted sulfoxide compounds, methods for preparing the same and use thereof [US2006217423]2006-09-28

CRYSTALLINE FORMS OF SOLVATED ILAPRAZOLE [US7989632]2008-08-212011-08-02

SOLID STATE FORMS OF RACEMIC ILAPRAZOLE [US7999110]2008-08-212011-08-16

Patent	Submitted	Granted
SOLID DOSAGE FORM COMPRISING PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR AND SUSPENSION MADE THEREOF [US2013273168]	2013-06-05	2013-10-17
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING OXIDIZED COMPOUND [US2014100370]	2013-10-31	2014-04-10
New Combination Dosage Form [US2007122470]	2007-05-31
Agents for the treatment of lower abdominal disorders [US2006235053]	2004-05-04	2006-10-19
Use of proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of noncardiac chest pain [US2005154026]	2003-03-11	2005-07-14
Use of proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of airway disorders [US2005131026]	2003-03-11	2005-06-16
Solid Dosage Form Comprising Proton Pump Inhibitor and Suspension Made Thereof [US2008020053]	2005-12-20	2008-01-24
Synthesis of prazole compounds [US8895271]	2010-12-08	2014-11-25
ORALLY-DISINTEGRATING SOLID PREPARATION [US2015037423]	2014-10-21	2015-02-05

Patent	Submitted	Granted
SUBSTITUTED SULFOXIDE COMPOUNDS, METHODS FOR PREPARING THE SAME AND USE THEREOF [US8017784]	2008-09-25	2011-09-13
SUBSTITUTED BENZIMIDAZOLES [US2008255200]	2008-10-16
Method and Apparatus for Producing Oxidized Compound [US2008262235]	2008-10-23
ORALLY DISINTEGRATING SOLID PREPARATION [US2010316709]	2010-12-16
Prodrugs of proton pump inhibitors including the 1h-imidazo[4,5-b] pyridine moiety [US2010317689]	2010-12-16
SOLID STATE FORMS OF RACEMIC ILAPRAZOLE [US2011046184]	2011-02-24
PROCESS FOR PREPARING INTERMEDIATE COMPOUND FOR SYNTHESIZING AN ANTIULCERANT [US2011071302]	2011-03-24
SOLID STATE FORMS OF RACEMIC ILAPRAZOLE [US2011082174]	2011-04-07
Oral Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Comprising as Active Ingredients a Proton Pump Inhibitor together with Acetyl Salicyclic Acid [US2010178334]	2010-07-15
Prodrugs of proton pump inhibitors including the (1h-pyrrol-1-yl)-1h-benzimidazole moiety [US2010113524]	2010-05-06

Ilaprazole

Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-[(RS)-[(4-methoxy-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl]-5-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1H-benzimidazole
Clinical data
Trade names	Noltec
Routes of administration	Oral
Identifiers
CAS Number	172152-36-2
ATC code	None
PubChem	CID 214351
ChemSpider	185839
UNII	776Q6XX45J
ChEMBL	CHEMBL2106370
Chemical data
Formula	C19H18N4O2S
Molar mass	366.436820 g/mol

/////////IY-81149, ILAPRAZOLE

CC1=C(C=CN=C1CS(=O)C2=NC3=C(N2)C=C(C=C3)N4C=CC=C4)OC